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Smoking leads to the greatest number of problems of any drug in use in the world today. Smoking contributes to more than 400,000 deaths each year in the United States . These deaths are mainly the result of increased numbers of lung cancers as well as increased numbers of cases of atherosclerotic heart disease and emphysema of the lung. Smoking increases the risk for cancers of the bladder, pancreas, kidney, and cervix. There is an increased risk for gastritis and gastric ulceration in persons who smoke. Cataracts of the crystalline lens of the eye occur with increased frequency in smokers.
Young women who are pregnant and who smoke put their fetuses at increased risk for decreased birth weight, premature birth, and perinatal mortality. The risk for spontaneous abortion is increased with maternal smoking. Fetal deaths late in gestation are increased 50% in mothers who smoke more than 3 cigarettes per day.
Normal lung, gross.
Small cell anaplastic (oat cell) carcinoma of lung, gross.
Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, gross.
Emphysema, centrilobular type, gross.
Emphysema, representing a late 20th century version of "The Masque of the Red Death" in Edgar Allen Poe's short story.
Composite photograph with a narrowed coronary artery at the left and a markedly narrowed coronary artery at the right, microscopic.
Pelvis of kidney, urothelial carcinoma, gross.
Acute gastric ulcerations, gross.
Hyaline membrane disease in the lung of a premature neonate, microscopic.
Alcoholism
The abuse of alcohol contributes to many deaths per year in the United States . One of the most common drug overdoses leading to death is ingestion of a large amount of alcohol. Chronic alcoholism leads to liver disease. Liver disease can be manifested as fatty change. Excessive alcohol ingestion for many years can lead to micronodular cirrhosis. A cirrhotic liver leads to portal hypertension and the complication of bleeding esophageal varices with massive, life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage. There is also an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma arising in a cirrhotic liver. In the brain, alcoholism can lead to Wernicke's disease.
Normal liver, gross.
Fatty change of liver, microscopic.
Micronodular cirrhosis of liver, gross.
Micronodular cirrhosis of liver, microscopic.
Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver with micronodular cirrhosis, gross.
Esophageal varices, gross.
Wernicke's disease, hemorrhages in the mammillary bodies, gross.
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